The sewage produced by pharmaceuticals is caused by serious pollution, such as complex, toxic, harmful and biologically difficult to degrade organic substances. At the same time, industrial sewage is also obviously acidic and alkaline, and some sewage contains excessive salt factories. The wastewater mainly includes four categories: antibiotic production wastewater, synthetic drug production wastewater, Chinese patent medicine production wastewater, and washing water and washing wastewater in various preparation processes. The wastewater is characterized by complex composition, high organic content, high toxicity, deep color and high salt content, especially poor biochemical properties, and intermittent discharge, which is an industrial wastewater that is difficult to treat. I. Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment technology The treatment technology of pharmaceutical wastewater can be summarized as follows: physical and chemical treatment, chemical treatment, biochemical treatment and combination treatment of various methods, and various treatment methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Materialized treatment According to the water quality characteristics of pharmaceutical wastewater, physical and chemical treatment is required in the treatment process as a pretreatment or post-treatment process for biochemical treatment. The currently applied physical and chemical treatment methods mainly include coagulation, air flotation, adsorption, ammonia stripping, electrolysis, ion exchange and membrane separation. 1.1 Coagulation method This technology is a water treatment method commonly used at home and abroad. It is widely used in the pretreatment and post-treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, such as aluminum sulfate and polyferric sulfate for traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. The key to efficient coagulation treatment is to properly select and add coagulants with excellent performance. In recent years, the development direction of coagulants has evolved from low molecular to polymeric polymers, from a single functional to a complex. Liu Minghua et al. treated a high-efficiency composite flocculant F-1 with a high-efficiency composite flocculant F-1 to remove COD, SS and chromaticity of waste liquid at a pH of 6.5 and a flocculant dosage of 300 mg/L. They achieved 69.7%, 96.4% and 87.5%, respectively, and their performance was significantly better than single flocculants such as PAC (powdered activated carbon) and polyacrylamide (PAM). 1.2 air floatation method The air floatation method usually includes various forms such as aeration air floatation, dissolved air flotation, chemical air floatation, and electrolysis air floatation. Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory uses CAF vortex air flotation device to pretreat pharmaceutical wastewater. With the appropriate agent, the average removal rate of COD is about 25%. 1.3 adsorption method Commonly used adsorbents include activated carbon, activated coal, humic acids, and adsorption resins. Wuhan Jianmin Pharmaceutical Factory uses coal ash adsorption-two-stage aerobic biological treatment process to treat its wastewater. The results show that the COD removal rate of the wastewater by adsorption pretreatment is 41.1%, and the BOD5/COD value is increased. 1.4 Membrane separation method Membrane technology includes reverse osmosis, nanofiltration membranes and fiber membranes to recover useful materials and reduce total organic emissions. The main features of this technology are simple equipment, convenient operation, no phase change and chemical change, high processing efficiency and energy saving. Juanna and others used a nanofiltration membrane to separate the lincomycin wastewater, and found that it not only reduced the inhibitory effect of lincomycin on the microorganisms, but also recovered lincomycin. 1.5 Electrolysis The method has the advantages of high efficiency, easy operation and the like, and the electrolysis method has a good decolorization effect. The riboflavin supernatant was pretreated by electrolysis, and the removal rates of COD, SS and chromaticity were 71%, 83% and 67%, respectively. 2. Chemical treatment When chemical methods are applied, the excessive use of certain reagents may lead to secondary pollution of water bodies. Therefore, relevant experimental research work should be done before design. Chemical methods include iron-carbon method, chemical redox method (fenton reagent, H2O2, O3), and deep oxidation technology. 2.1 Iron and carbon method Industrial operation shows that the biodegradability of effluent can be greatly improved by using Fe-C as a pretreatment step of pharmaceutical wastewater. Lou Maoxing used iron-micro-electrolysis-anaerobic-aerobic-air-floating combined treatment to treat wastewater from pharmaceutical intermediates such as erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The COD removal rate after treatment with iron and carbon was 20%. %,zui final water reaches the national first-class standard of "Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standard" (GB8978-1996). 2.2 Fenton reagent treatment The combination of ferrous salt and H2O2 is called Fenton's reagent, which can effectively remove the refractory organic matter that cannot be removed by traditional wastewater treatment technology. With the deepening of the research, ultraviolet light (UV), oxalate (C2O42-) and the like are introduced into the Fenton reagent, so that the oxidation capacity is greatly enhanced. Cheng Hao et al [10] used TiO2 as a catalyst and a 9 W low-pressure mercury lamp as the light source. The Fenton reagent was used to treat the pharmaceutical wastewater, and the decolorization rate was 100%, the COD removal rate was 92.3%, and the nitrobenzene compound was 8.05. The mg/L is reduced to 0.41 mg/L. 2.3 This method can improve the biodegradability of wastewater The method can improve the biodegradability of the wastewater and has a good removal rate for COD. For example, Balcioglu and other three antibiotic wastewaters were subjected to ozone oxidation treatment. The results showed that the ozone oxidation wastewater not only increased the ratio of BOD5/COD, but also the removal rate of COD was more than 75%. 2.4 oxidation technology Also known as advanced oxidation technology, it brings together the new research results of modern light, electricity, sound, magnetism, materials and other similar disciplines, including electrochemical oxidation, wet oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation. And sonication and the like. Among them, the ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation technology has the advantages of novelity, high efficiency, no selectivity to wastewater, especially suitable for the degradation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and the reaction conditions are mild, no secondary pollution, and has a good application prospect. Compared with ultraviolet, heat, pressure and other treatment methods, ultrasonic treatment of organic matter is more direct and requires less equipment. As a new type of treatment method, it is receiving more and more attention. Xiao Guangquan et al [13] treated the pharmaceutical wastewater with ultrasonic-aerobic biological contact method. Under ultrasonic treatment for 60 s and power of 200 w, the total COD removal rate of wastewater was 96%. 3 biochemical treatment Biochemical treatment technology is a widely used treatment technology for pharmaceutical wastewater, including aerobic biological method, anaerobic biological method, aerobic-anaerobic combination method. 3.1 aerobic biological treatment Since most of the pharmaceutical wastewater is high-concentration organic wastewater, it is generally necessary to dilute the raw liquid when performing aerobic biological treatment, so the power consumption is large, and the wastewater is biodegradable, and it is difficult to directly discharge the pollutants after biochemical treatment, so aerobic use alone. There are not many treatments, and general pretreatment is required. Commonly used aerobic biological treatment methods include activated sludge method, deep well aeration method, adsorption biodegradation method (AB method), contact oxidation method, sequencing batch intermittent activated sludge method (SBR method), and circulating activated sludge method. (CASS law) and so on. (1) Deep well aeration method Deep well aeration is a high-speed activated sludge system. The method has the advantages of high oxygen utilization rate, small floor space, good treatment effect, low investment, low operating cost, no sludge expansion, and low mud production. In addition, its heat preservation effect is good, and the treatment is not affected by climatic conditions, which can ensure the effect of winter wastewater treatment in the northern region. After the high-concentration organic wastewater from the Northeast Pharmaceutical Plant was biochemically treated in the deep well aeration tank, the COD removal rate reached 92.7%. It can be seen that the treatment efficiency is very high, and it is extremely beneficial to the next step of treatment. Play a decisive role. (2) AB method The AB method is an ultra-high load activated sludge process. The removal rate of BOD5, COD, SS, phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen by AB process is generally higher than that of conventional activated sludge process. Its outstanding advantages are high load in section A, strong impact load resistance, large buffering effect on pH and toxic substances, and especially suitable for treating wastewater with high concentration and large changes in water quality and quantity. Yang Junshi and others use the hydrolysis acidification-AB biological process to treat antibiotic wastewater. The process is short, energy saving, and the treatment cost is lower than the chemical flocculation-biological treatment method of the same kind of wastewater. (3) Biological contact oxidation method The technology integrates the advantages of activated sludge and biofilm method, and has the advantages of high volumetric load, low sludge production, strong impact resistance, stable process operation and convenient management. Many projects use a two-stage method, which aims to acclimate the dominant strains at different stages, give full play to the synergy between different microbial populations, and improve biochemical effects and impact resistance. In the engineering, anaerobic digestion and acidification are often used as pretreatment steps, and the contact oxidation process is used to treat pharmaceutical wastewater. Harbin North Pharmaceutical Factory used hydrolysis acidification-two-stage biological contact oxidation process to treat pharmaceutical wastewater. The operation results show that the treatment effect is stable and the process combination is reasonable. With the gradual maturity of the process technology, the application field is also more extensive. (4) SBR method The SBR method has the advantages of strong impact load resistance, high sludge activity, simple structure, no need for reflow, flexible operation, small land occupation, low investment, stable operation, high matrix removal rate, good nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect, etc. Fluctuating wastewater. Wang Zhong's experiment on treating pharmaceutical wastewater with SBR process shows that the aeration time has a great influence on the treatment effect of the process; setting the anoxic section, especially the repeated design of anoxic and aerobic, can significantly improve the treatment effect; The SBR strengthening treatment process of CIC plus PAC can significantly improve the removal effect of the system. In recent years, the process has become more and more perfect, and it has been widely used in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. Qiu Lijun and others used the hydrolysis acidification-SBR method to treat biopharmaceutical wastewater, and the effluent quality reached the first grade standard of GB8978-1996. 3.2 Anaerobic biological treatment At present, the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater at home and abroad is mainly based on anaerobic method, but the effluent COD is still high after treatment by a separate anaerobic method, and generally requires post-treatment (such as aerobic biological treatment). At present, it is still necessary to strengthen the development and design of high-efficiency anaerobic reactors and conduct in-depth study of operating conditions. The most successful applications in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater are upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), anaerobic composite bed (UBF), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), hydrolysis, and the like. (1) UASB method The UASB reactor has the advantages of high anaerobic digestion efficiency, simple structure, short hydraulic retention time, and no need for a separate sludge reflux device. When the UASB method is used to treat pharmaceutical production wastewater such as kanamycin, chlorin, VC, SD and glucose, the SS content is usually not too high to ensure the COD removal rate is above 85% to 90%. The COD removal rate of the two-stage series UASB can reach more than 90%.
entering the respiratory system
Co2 Breathing System,Breathing Therapy System,Anesthetic Breathing Systems,Disposable Ventilator Anesthesia Breathing System Zhejiang Haisheng Medical Device Co., Ltd , https://www.hisernmedical.com
Blocking particles, bacteria and other pathogens in Anesthesia and breathing circuit from
Hisern Medical offers an extensive range of circuits covering smooth bore,expandable, corrugated,
coaxial and Duo-limb tubing. From a basic Y-Piece circuit to a complete kit that includes a variety of
components, we will have a circuit to meet your requirements. All anesthetic breathing systems are
available in a wide range of configurations. For more challenging requests, we also can provide a
complete custom solution.
A wide range of anesthetic systems are available in different lengths, configurations and tube types for your clinical
requirements.